The aim of this project is a deeper investigation of off-diagonal estimates. In the ISem lectures, in Theorem 11.16, it has already been shown that off-diagonal estimates in combination with Sobolev embeddings lead to $L^{p}$-extrapolation for the resolvents of an elliptic operator $L$ in divergence form on $\mathbb{R}^{n}$. More precisely, if $\left|\frac{1}{p}-\frac{1}{2}\right|<\frac{1}{n}$, then there exists $C>0$ such that $\left|(1+t L)^{-1} u\right|_{p} \leqslant C|u|_{p}$ for all $t>0, u \in L^{p} \cap L^{2}\left(\mathbb{R}^{n}\right)$. A related (more difficult!) question is for what range of $p \in(1, \infty)$ the norm equivalence $|\sqrt{L} u|_{2} \simeq|\nabla u|_{2}$ from Theorem 12.1 (the Kato square root property for $L$ !) extrapolates to $L^{p}\left(\mathbb{R}^{n}\right)$. It turns out that there are different ranges of $p$ for the two estimates $|\sqrt{L} u|_{p} \lesssim|\nabla u|_{p}$ and $|\nabla u|_{p} \lesssim|\sqrt{L} u|_{p}$. The latter estimate is generally known as $L^{p}$-boundedness of the Riesz transform, and this is what shall be the core of the project. Starting point of the project is the AMS memoir [1], which starts with an excellent introduction into the topic; you can find a preprint version of the memoir on the arXiv (with different numbering of theorems than in the published version, unfortunately). An important abstract $L^{p}$-extrapolation result is Theorem 1.1 in [1], the application Riesz transforms on $L^{p}$ can be found in Section 4.1. This approach is due to Blunck and Kunstmann [2, 3]. If time permits, we can also study the approach of Shen [4] to Riesz transforms. The precise selection of topics will be decided among the participants of the project.